Quotes I have and references:
"Mary Ann Doane approaches the problem of sound from a psychoanalytic point of view and investigates the relation of sounds to the unified body reconstituted by the technology and practices of cinema. These technologies, which increasingly succeed in concealing the work of Jean-Louis Baudry’s apparatus, reduce the distance between the object and its representation, and this reduction of distance, and the attendant loss of “aura” first noticed by Walter Benjamin (see Section VII), is particularly evident in the case of the reproduction of sound. Doane believes that a proper understanding of the relation between sound and image is crucial to explaining the pleasure of the spectator in mainstream cinema. She analyzes such techniques as voice off, voice-over during a flashback, and the interior monologue and contrasts them with the disembodied voice-over commentary of the documentary. Its radical otherness with respect to the diegesis endows the voice-over with a certain authority. In the history of the documentary this voice has been for the most part male, and its guarantee of knowledge lies in its irreducibility to the spatio-temporal limits of the body on screen. The voice-over commentary speaks more or less directly to the spectator."
(Braudy 244)
"Cinema is the art of the index; it is an attempt to make art out of a footprint." (Manovich 2)
live-action films, i.e. they largely consist of unmodified photographic recordings of real events which took place in real physical space. Today, in the age of computer simulation and digital compositing, invoking this characteristic becomes crucial in defining the specificity of 20th-century cinema (2)
they relied on lens-based recordings of reality. 2
Cinema emerged out of the same impulse that engendered naturalism 2
Cinema is the art of the index 2
What he does Paragraph:
"This argument will be developed—in three stages. I will first follow a historical trajectory from 19th-century techniques for creating moving images to 20th-century cinema and animation. Next I will arrive at a definition of digital cinema by abstracting the common features and interface metaphors of a variety of computer software and hardware that are currently replacing traditional film technology. Seen together, these features and metaphors suggest a distinct logic of a digital moving image. This logic subordinates the photographic and the cinematic to the painterly and the graphic, destroying cinema’s identity as a media art. Finally, I will examine different production contexts that already use digital moving images—Hollywood films, music videos, CD-ROM games and artworks—in order to see if and how this logic has begun to manifest itself. " 3
CGI -meaning of these changes
n. It is no longer an indexical media technology but, rather, a sub-genre of painting. 3
rather than the art of audio-visual narrative, or the art of a projected image, or the art of collective spectatorship, etc. 4
Not about indexicality, but surprisingly related to my thesis:
"Consider the CD-ROM Johnny Mnemonic (Sony Imagesoft, 1995). Produced to complement the fiction film of the same title, marketed not as a “game” but as an “interactive movie,” and featuring full-screen video throughout, it comes closer to cinematic realism than the previous CD-ROMs—yet it is still quite distinct from it. With all action shot against a green screen and then composited with graphic backgrounds, its visual style exists within a space between cinema and collage." (14)
Works Cited:
Braudy, Leo, and Marshall Cohen. Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.
Manovich from Denson, Shane, and Julia Leyda. Post-cinema: Theorizing 21st-Century Film. , 2016. Internet resource. <http://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/POST-CINEMA_Theorizing-21st-Century-Film-PDF-13mb-Shane-Denson-Julia-Leyda-eds.pdf>
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